Clinical Assessment of a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease
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چکیده
Before You Start: Facts You Need to Know • A focused history and physical examination is essential in the assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). • A CKD patient’s history should differentiate CKD from acute kidney disease, defi ne duration and chronicity, fi nd a causative or contributory disease, and assess complications and comorbidities. • Physical examination should cover all systems but has a special emphasis on blood pressure and orthostatic changes, volume assessment, and cardiovascular examination. • Serum creatinine and estimation of glomerular fi ltration rate (GFR) with an equation using serum creatinine should be done as a part of initial assessment in all CKD patients. • A complete urinalysis and measurement of albumin in the urine should be carried out in all CKD patients. 2.1 History and Physical Examination of a Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
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